installer: add retry for transient network errors

[adeebshihadeh]

Example failure doing a uv install in our openpilot CI.

Also may close #943 if I understand correctly?

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from man curl:

       --retry <num>
              If  a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a trans‐
              fer, it retries this number of times before giving  up.  Setting  the
              number  to  0  makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Tran‐
              sient error means either: a timeout, an FTP 4xx response code  or  an
              HTTP 408, 429, 500, 502, 503 or 504 response code.

[mistydemeo]

Thanks! Sorry for the delay reviewing here.

Checking rustup's implementation, they check if the --retry flag is supported by curl - I believe it may be missing in some old versions. rust-lang/rustup#2869 If we want to start using the flag, we'll want to do the same thing here. We'll also want to check into availability of the wget flag, too.

[mistydemeo]

It appears that --retry first appeared in 7.12.3 (ca 2004), and --retry-delay first appeared in 7.14.0 (ca 2005). So... it's been around for a long time, but it does seem feasible that some of the more exotic systems people want to use could be missing it.